Janice R. Andrews
NASA is working toward selecting the best method to bring Martian soil samples to Earth as part of its ambitious Mars Sample Return (MSR) program. Facing budgetary challenges and delays, the agency plans to announce its decision by late 2026, considering two innovative approaches to achieve this milestone.
Two Innovative Retrieval Options
The first option being evaluated is the “sky crane” technique. This method involves sending a vehicle equipped with parachutes to Mars, where it will hover near the surface, retrieve samples collected by the Perseverance rover using cables or similar mechanisms, and ascend with the materials. NASA has successfully employed this technology for landing its Curiosity and Perseverance rovers, making it a reliable choice.
The second option explores collaboration with commercial space companies, including SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Lockheed Martin. NASA has invited these companies to propose systems for retrieving and returning Martian samples. Both methods will require a smaller version of the Mars Ascent Vehicle, a lightweight rocket designed to transport the samples into Martian orbit. Once in orbit, the European Space Agency (ESA) orbiter will capture the samples and deliver them to Earth.
Budget and Timeline Challenges
Budget constraints have heavily influenced the program’s progress. Early in 2024, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory reduced its workforce by 530 employees and terminated 100 contract positions due to funding issues tied to MSR. Although NASA initially requested $950 million for the program, it received only $300 million. A recent independent review estimated the program’s cost at $8 billion to $11 billion and suggested the samples might not return until 2040—a delay deemed unacceptable by U.S. officials.
Cost-Effective Alternatives
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson stated that both proposed retrieval methods would significantly lower costs compared to earlier estimates. The sky crane approach is projected to cost between $6.6 billion and $7.7 billion, while working with private space companies could reduce expenses further to $5.8 billion to $7.1 billion. Both methods aim to bring the samples back to Earth between 2035 and 2039.
Unlocking Martian Mysteries
The Martian soil samples collected by Perseverance could provide crucial insights into the planet’s history. Scientists hope to determine if Mars once supported life and assess whether its soil contains substances hazardous to future human explorers. NASA’s 2026 decision will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of Martian exploration and humanity’s understanding of the Red Planet.
